Discrete, and 4. Able to mix socially Needed Skill-set The first step towards mastering the art of gathering information is to work at cultivating the skills that make one an effective journalist.
The essential skill-set includes, but is not limited to, the following activities: 1. Listening and Attentiveness 2. Retention 3. Maintaining contacts 4. Managing time under pressure, e. Cross-checking facts Tools Being prepared and ready at all times, no matter the location, is what separates the Enterprise Reporter from regular reporters.
The smartphone: is also your camera, recorder, transmitter, communicator, researcher, etc. A pocket writing pad, and 3. Ask yourself: i. What is its significance? Is there Profanity? Is it Legal? Fortunately, experience has taught journalists that there are tried and tested methods of collecting information that make the process more foolproof and less tedious.
The following are ten of the more intuitive techniques: 1. Research 2. Observation 4. Interviews 5. The Beat: e. Police or Court beat 6. Using an Insider: whistleblowers 8. Using colleague connections 9. Mailing list The Hound: Sniffs stories discreetly. Anas and company may be fine with doing intelligence work, employing tactics that are more akin to spy dramas; true journalism however shies away from schemes that are controversial at best, and are confined to ethical, transparent methods.
Achampong and underhanded means to gather information for the purpose of making news. Following are definite no-nos. Waylaying 2. Using minors 3. Entrapment 4. It sometimes helps to share your challenges with colleagues. You may sometimes get a different perspective. A colleague may have gone down that trail before, and may be in a position to give you some tips and hints. Achampong Effective Interviewing Skills I nterviewing is a very important part of journalism.
It is often a primary source of information, whether it be for news production or in-depth topics. Some consider interviewing to be an art. Certainly, it is not a highly theoretical topic but rather a skill that develops with practice and experience. Following are fundamental techniques and tips for successful interviews.
Preparing the interview Choosing a topic To perform proper interviews, one must first pick an appropriate topic and familiarize oneself with the subject. One also needs to choose an angle to the topic. Choosing whom to interview The better you know your topic, the easier it will be to choose an appropriate person to interview. Not knowing your topic in enough depth may leave a bad impression on your guest.
The impact of the interview depends on whom you interview and who will be listening to the interview. Let's imagine a radio program about the Chorkor smoker, aimed at fishing populations. It would be much wiser to interview some fisher folk who have used the technique than to interview a foreign technical expert.
On the other hand, imagine a story about the government budget, aimed at educated urban listeners. The closer your receiver feels to the interviewee, the more the interview will arouse their interest. There are of course exceptions.
Certain topics require interviewing people directly involved with the event. This generally shows interest in the topic and will be appreciated. Planning the interview Once your interview is set up, you need to prepare your questions and notes. Examples: Closed-ended: Do you think that this event is significant? Open-ended: What do you think is the significance of this event? That is, if you are interviewing for the daily news, ask only as many questions as you reasonably need to have material for editing.
Asking 25 questions and using only one may annoy your source and she may be reluctant to agree to further interviews. Your questionnaire is just a guide.
Be ready to ask questions that arise from your interviewee's answers and which are not prepared in advance. Achampong Choose a calm, comfortable location. Noisy environments should be avoided. You should choose somewhere where you will not be interrupted at all. The interview Immediately before going to the interview, test your equipment. Better take those extra five minutes before you are with your source! Take extra batteries for your voice recorder just in case.
If you are using your smartphone, make sure you have ample memory, your phone is fully charged, and switched to flight mode to prevent unnecessary interruptions during recording. Being late conveys the impression that you are not all that interested.
Also, take the time to explain the context of the interview and what you intend to do with it. This will help your source feel at ease. This will allow you to adjust the sound levels on your recording device.
Some people need more time to adjust than others. The time you spend chatting builds a link and will help ensure that you can contact the person after the interview for clarifications. Occasional nods convey interest and attention.
Everybody makes mistakes. For instance, you could tend to the recording device. Chances are your listeners will not understand either. This is especially true for technical topics. Depending on the topic, you can also ask them to sum up what they have spoken about.
On and off the record During an interview, your source may speak on and off the record. You should strictly respect this and never quote a source on something that was said off the record. Remember: you may use the information, but you cannot attribute it to the source.
A safe rule would be to never quote your source if the information hasn't been recorded. The general perception is that what is on tape is on the record and what isn't is off the record. Other types of interviews Field interviews This type of interview is usually done on the spot of an event, be it at the scene of a news event, a live performance etc.
Achampong you may not have as much time to prepare and do background research. It will help if you jot down some questions before the interview but you will need to improvise more. Man on the street interviews are usually very short - one, maybe two questions at most. This type of interview is often used to get the feel of public opinion on a particular topic and eventually inserted in a larger story.
Your question must be open-ended. Phone interviews This type of interview differs in that you do not have visual contact with the source being interviewed. You therefore need to try and compensate using voice only. Since this type of interview can be stopped at any moment, it is better to prioritize questions.
This is the point where you comb through what you have and carefully sift through the chaff. There must be one thing on your mind: due diligence. Due diligence is the discipline of verification. It refers to the exercise of voluntarily but compulsively investigating any claims that may seem off, checking new facts, and going over a checklist to ensure that you have followed a process of sort to minimize error and opinion.
Characteristics of News: Stripping Bias and Opinion Journalism is a craft, and needs to be learnt the hard way. To excel, you need to be a good craftsman. You should know how to structure a news report, how to write a headline and how to make news pages. In order not to reinvent the wheel, years of practice have isolated certain qualities that characterize news. By ensuring that your story has these characteristics, you go through the process of due diligence and strip the story of your own personal bias and opinion along the way.
These and many more may be used to exorcise prejudice. Besides, they ensure that the resulting reports meet industry standards. This may mean calling a person late at night to get his side of the story or even holding back an investigative piece for a day. But you must do so. This is the best way to bring balance in the copy. There may be times when an individual may avoid making a statement. In such a case, state the point, indicating the efforts you made to get their point of view.
Remember that your news report is going to be read by hundreds of people, and you can influence their thinking by using loaded words. It is always best to use neutral words. Accuracy This is the first requirement of a good news report. You must get all your facts right, starting from the name and designation of the subject to the statements made by them. You cannot hide behind the excuse that there was not enough time to cross-check the facts. In case it is an accident you must know the exact number of people who were injured or killed.
It should not be misinterpreted to imply another meaning. Achampong Attribution All news reports, with a few exceptions, must be sourced. The source can be identified as follows: a.
Individual: An individual, who witnessed an accident or survived an earthquake, can be quoted by name as an eyewitness.
Organization: A spokesperson authorized by an organization to brief the media on its behalf. Anonymous sources: There are occasions when a news source, who happens to be a senior government official or an important leader, does not want his or her name to be used.
However, the reporter must know the source well, and should trust that the information provided is correct. Exceptions: The reporter need not worry about attribution in those cases that he has witnessed. For instance, the reporter can report a football match or a political rally stating what happened.
This is because these are statements of fact that have occurred in public domain, and have been witnessed by scores of people. The same applies to the swearing in of a new government, or historical facts. Brevity The importance of this characteristic cannot be overstressed. You must learn to write short stories without missing important facts.
They do not have the patience to go through long news reports. Brevity does not mean merely writing a short story; it also means using short words, short sentences and short paragraphs. Clarity This is not easy to achieve. You are required to report an event in as few words as possible. You can do this if you use short and simple words and keep out irrelevant facts. The Lead of your report must be short and crisp.
The body must be made up of as few paragraphs as possible with each paragraph devoted to one point. There should be no ambiguities. The facts must be sourced, and accurate. Achampong Elements of News: Targeting Your Receiver A fter going through the discipline of verification to ensure accuracy, fairness, balance and such, a journalist must follow another rigor in the pursuit of her Receiver.
Here again, she has to check and ensure that her story has the determinants that her Receiver uses to consider what is News. This is the way journalists are able to target and reach the end-user of their hard work. Timeliness: If it happened today—rather than yesterday—it just might be news. Journalists stress current information—stories occurring today or yesterday, not several weeks ago—and try to report it ahead of their competitors.
When reporting a story that occurred even hours earlier, journalists look for fresh angles and new details around which to build their stories. If background is necessary, they usually keep it to a minimum and weave it throughout the story Impact: If it affects readers—physically or emotionally—it just might be news.
Reporters stress important information that has an impact on their Receiver: stories that affect, involve or interest thousands of readers or viewers. If the president of Ghana catches a cold, the stock market could lose some points. The closer an event is to home, the more newsworthy it becomes: a tsunami in faraway Far East may kill thousands and destroy untold property, but it would not matter more than an accident in Konongo, Asante Region, that cost the lives of three school children.
Deviations from the normal - unexpected or unusual events, conflicts or controversies, drama or change - are more newsworthy than the commonplace. Conflict or Controversy: If somebody is struggling with a problem, it just might be news. Two people arguing about a social issue is more newsworthy than two people who agree about that issue.
The tension between the subjects creates the conflict that often makes a story dramatic and interesting to read. While conflict between groups can be viewed as negative news, it often provides readers and viewers with different opinions about policies and problems.
Relevance: Information that is relevant or that connects to people in some way is newsworthy. Some stories may be interesting and give insight into the lives of other people but may be irrelevant to the lives of viewers. The more information connects to the lives of the Receiver, the stronger its news value. Despite today's competitive pressures, news judgment should be based on impact and relevance rather than drama.
Bear in mind that relevance diminishes with distance. Achampong entertainment value in a story that is not pertinent to their lives, but in the long term the receiver will seek news sources that consistently provide relevant information. The number of people involved or affected: The more people involved in a news event, be it a demonstration or a tragic accident, the more newsworthy the story is.
Likewise, the number of people affected by the event, whether it's a new health threat or a new tax ruling, the more newsworthy the story is.
Consequence: The fact that a car hit a utility pole isn't news, unless, as a consequence, power is lost throughout a city for several hours.
The fact that a computer virus found its way into a computer system might not be news until it bankrupts a business, shuts down a telephone system, or endangers lives by destroying crucial medical data at a hospital. Human interest: Human-interest stories are generally soft news. Examples would be a beauty contest for persons with physical disability, or a person whose pet happens to be a nine-foot boa constrictor.
Human-interest angles can be found in most hard news stories. A flood will undoubtedly have many human-interest angles: a lost child reunited with its parents after two days etc. Pathos: The fact that people like to hear about the misfortunes of others can't be denied. Seeing or hearing about such things commonly elicits feelings of pity, sorrow, sympathy, and compassion. Examples are the child who is now all alone after his parents were killed in a car accident, the elderly woman who just lost her life savings to a con artist, or the blind man whose seeing-eye dog was poisoned.
Shock value and Scandals: An explosion in a factory has less shock value if it was caused by gas leak than if it was caused by a terrorist. The story of a six year-old boy who shot his mother with a revolver found in a bedside drawer has more shock and therefore news value than if same woman died of a heart attack. Photograph by Nile Achampong In what medium do you transmit the news?
In what form do you get the processed news to her? It could be straightforward news; it could be in the form of a feature. It could be a review, or an opinion piece. A journalist — other than a freelancer — may not have the option to choose medium, but she surely can choose the form her story will eventually take. Choosing the Right Type of News Article News Reports, as we have already discussed, follow the pattern of the inverted pyramid where all the important facts are put upfront in a timely manner from an objective point of view without editorial comment.
These are found at the front of a newspaper. They inform readers about things that are happening in the world or in the local area. Features on the other hand follow no particular pattern; the most salient points may be buried towards their tail. By early on offering the availability of the FRED website students will be able to take the tables used in the text and update the information to make it more relevant. This textbook is extremely well written and clearly explains the topics offered.
Students will find the readings easy to follow. A great framework for presenting the material. Each chapter gives an overview of the material then proceeds to follow that outline step by step. Each chapter ends with a glossary of terms used for easy reference and questions that are thought provoking. However, I found some of the graphs difficult to follow as they are one color and not bold enough to present a clear understanding of the graphical presentation.
Found that the switch back and forth between linear and non linear graphs might be somewhat confusing for the students.
This textbook will be easy to divide into sections that can be brought forward or pushed back as you organize your class structure. I found the position of some chapters very curious. I would have talked about elasticity before government involvement and international trade much earlier when looking at consumer and producer surplus. As mentioned above the only complaint I have is the presentation of the graphs. They need to be bolder and more consistent in shape.
This textbook can easily be adapted to cover any topic covered in a Principles of Microeconomics course. The textbook covers all of the sections that are expected for a principles class. Further extensions into financial markets, income inequality, and political economy are covered well. There is a nice index with links to the appropriate pages, Comprehensiveness rating: 3 see less. There is a nice index with links to the appropriate pages, however there is no glossary with all of the key terms and definitions in one place; instead they are presented at the end of each chapter which could potentially make them difficult to find.
A drawback of the way the material is presented is that trade is covered in the last two chapters; the concept of comparative advantage and the gains from trade are fundamental reasons that markets form and should thus be covered much earlier.
Further, the authors introduce consumer, producer, and social surplus but neglect to tie these concepts to deadweight loss and market inefficiencies in subsequent chapters.
The graphs and diagrams are for the most part high-quality and accurate. There are some specific instances, for example the chapter on externalities, where the graphs presented don't flow with the material as well as they could. In the chapter on externalities the graphs do not clearly show that the social cost curve lies above the private supply curve as a result of the size of the externality.
Otherwise, in the examples, clear it up, and bring it home sections material is presented well and in a non-biased manner. The base content is up-to-date and in general the content taught in a standard principles class will not change frequently. Some of the examples and policy applications are somewhat out-of-date.
For example, one example concerns Netflix charging for streaming and DVD rentals, which most college students won't really connect with as they don't consume DVDs anymore.
Any economics textbook will have to deal with this dilemma and new editions and updates are straightforward; however, this book may be out of date within two or three years. The text is well-written and easy to follow. Each chapter is structured well so that it is clear what topics are covered in which sections and the flow is sensible.
The biggest issue I find is that some of the graphs and diagrams do not always align smoothly with the text that discusses the associated concepts. Terminology and the flow of each chapter is consistent with each other. As mentioned previously there are some concepts that could easily be linked across chapters.
The authors are consistent in that this content does not appear and disappear readily. The book is modular. As noted earlier it may be very beneficial to in fact go out of order, for example, by teaching chapter 19 early in the course and linking this content to the production possibilities frontier and why markets form.
Within chapters the introduction clearly lays out what is covered in each section and sections can easily be re-ordered or skipped. Within chapters the content is well-organized, has a clear logical flow and hard-to-digest concepts are properly built and presented. As mentioned earlier, I would re-order some of the chapters if using this book to teach my class.
The textbook has several hyperlinks and qr codes that function properly. There are no noticeable distortions or errors that prevent delivery of the textbook content. Economics generally can tackle questions that are divisive and some of the topics in the book should be treated with care if presented in class.
Having pointed that out, the authors are very objective in presenting these examples, applications, and concepts in a way that is unoffensive and culturally relevant. This textbook not only covers the major content for principles level class, but also introduces chapters related to industrial organization, labor economics, environmental economics and international trade. The index is hyperlinked, which is The index is hyperlinked, which is useful and efficient to locate the chapter accurately.
Each chapter begins with a real world economic example or question in "Bring it Home" section, and it also ends with a detail explanations related to the examples or questions in "Bring it Home". This layout is efficient and helpful for students to catch up the application of the chapter content.
Key terms, concepts and summary at the end of each chapter are also useful to help student better catch the main points. The content is accurate. However, I want to point out that the graphs in Chapter 3 are little bit messy, especially on Page The students might be confused to see the graph at the first time.
In my opinion, it might be not necessary to put all the dots on the graph, and the numbers of arrows are more than needed. And this also shows on Page 48 and You have already shown the demand schedule and supply schedule in tables, it might be much clearer to show two dots on the graph to explain how to draw the curves. The textbook begins with a question to Facebook, which and catch students' attentions as they use it often. And this question can also make student realize that Economics is everywhere.
I think the book content is up-to-date and policy relevant. For example, Chapter 12 introduces the environmental protection, and it uses the example of bottle bills, which is what we need to pay in Oregon. Therefore, it might be interesting to encourage my students' engagement to discuss it. Overall, the text is written in lucid and accessible prose.
But I still want to point out the layout of Chapter 3. It might be better to move Figure 3. At the end of Page 51, it might be better to move the title 3. Too many pairs of price and quantity in graphs of Chapter 3 might be a little bit messy. There are 20 chapters in this textbook.
I think it might be a little bit more than my students. For example, after Chapter 3, the authors add Chapter 4 which mainly focuses the policy application of Chapter 3. And there are also some contents, such as Minimum Wage, repeating in Chapter Chapter 12 and Chapter 13 introduce the negative and positive externalities, and it might be better to combine these two chapters into one chapter.
Each chapter is well organized. I like the "Introduction" at the beginning of each chapter. It highlights the questions needed to understand and gives me a guideline to go through the content. Download the textbook online is easy and the hyperlinks and QR codes in "Link It Up" section work well.
As an instructor to community college students, I think the content of this textbook is up-to-date and easy to go through. However, for microeconomics, I think 20 chapters might be more for my students. For the section of "Link-It-Up", it might be better to put more video less than 4 mins to catch students' attention and improve their engagement. I find the book very comprehensive. Comparing with some of the leading published textbooks the coverage and depth are both comparable.
Perhaps the section on Oligopoly could be expanded a bit with a few more examples. Nicely organized, though I would have had a better demarcation between monopolistic competition and oligopoly. The book's interface is a little less attractive than some of the textbooks from traditional publishers. It is by no means bad, but students used to current levels of gloss might find the interface a bit drab.
However, this has more to do with superficial presentation techniques than with real factors associated with learning. The less expense might make students more amenable to forgoing the catchiness of the product.
It is a book that is thoughtful and comprehensive. It can compete on an equal footing with textbooks offered by traditional commercial publishers. The textbook covers most of the intro-level standard microeconomic materials and provides students a relatively full picture of the microeconomic landscape with real-world examples. I do hope it can incorporate more heterodox and historical I do hope it can incorporate more heterodox and historical perspectives and research, so students can be exposed to the arguments and contribution made by Institutionalists, Marxists, etc on a variety of topics in microeconomics and get the impression that many theories and issues are debatable and many terms have a historical context.
I did use a real-world micro reader as a complementary text in teaching. It's a quite standard intro-level microeconomics textbook. The mainstream interpretation in microeconomics is accurate. The text is written in lucid, accessible prose. It may be better to include more real-world examples, debates, and data, so students can feel more involved, especially on issues directly related with a college campus, such as a tobacco ban, contingent labor form, and student debt.
I was not able to teach the entire book in one semester, so a few later chapters were skipped, but students had no problem to do the readings. Foreign language 1. Quantitative option.
SPC ORI Achieve a satisfactory rating on four of the five SLOs on a standardized evaluation completed by internship supervisors as part of PUR Public Relations Internship. Complete requirements for the baccalaureate degree, as determined by faculty. Describe the history and role of professionals and institutions in shaping public relations practice.
Display professional ethical principles and exemplify the values of truth, honesty, accuracy, fairness and diversity. Appropriately apply tools and technologies relevant to public relations practice. Critical Thinking Gather information and conduct research for public relations planning and evaluation. Appropriately apply basic numerical and statistical concepts for public relations planning and evaluation.
Creatively and independently analyze public relations problems. Communication Write correctly and clearly in forms and styles appropriate for public relations practice. Select and use images and information for public relations practice. Print Options. Send Page to Printer. Download Page PDF. Undergraduate Admissions Toggle Undergraduate Admissions. Policies and Procedures Toggle Policies and Procedures.
Credit and Evaluation Toggle Credit and Evaluation. Resources Toggle Resources. Print Options. Send Page to Printer. Download PDF of this page. Philosophical and Moral Reasoning.
At least two courses from Level 1 2. At least two courses from Level 2 2. At least two courses from Level 3 3. Students must also complete two courses from the following list:. Students must take one course of their choosing to satisfy the hour MEJO minimum.
This can be any course offered in the school including conceptual , regardless of level or specific area of study except MEJO Students are allowed to take several additional courses in the choice category.
Doing so will push them past the hour minimum. At least two courses from Level 3 2. Conceptual at least two courses 2. This can be any course offered in the school, regardless specific area of study except MEJO The seminar will examine how social, economic and political factors impacted the development and evolution of the content of sitcoms, as well as the impact such content had on American society.
Advanced Broadcast Journalism. This capstone course concentrates on gathering and preparing news stories for presentation in news programs. Includes field reporting, editing, preparation of visual and aural TV elements, writing, producing and performing for on-air presentation. This course explores how storytelling is reinventing itself utilizing the new digital communication tools available. It will cover linear and non-linear storytelling techniques and production processes. Requisite: Junior Standing.
Programming for Interactivity. This course is a multimedia class that will teach the fundamental programming skills required to create compelling online multimedia stories. Programming taught in this class caters specifically for non-programmers who want to learn how to present their work online in an interactive manner.
Studio anchoring, newscast producing, and field reporting for news and public affairs programming. Advanced Infographics and Data Visualization. This course is a seminar designed to introduce interactive data visualization concepts in a web environment. Students will be introduced to code libraries which assist in this task, best practices for interactivity and data visualization.
The course will also briefly cover working with data i. Components: LAB. Media Distribution for Film and Television. This course covers the various aspects of the distribution process for films and television programs through conventional and emerging channels. This course examines the deployment, use, and impact of communication technologies in various media contexts from an economic, regulatory, and social perspective.
The Business of Modern Journalism. Provides an examination of the evolving business models for legacy news organizations as well as discussion of entrepreneurial opportunities for news content in new media and digital platforms. This course is designed to teach travel journalism, which includes travel storytelling through writing, photography and videography.
Infographics and Data Visualization Studio. A studio course in which the student will design a large visualization project that meets the standards of quality for professional publication. The student will be required to learn new technologies and to apply tools learned in a previous class. A study of the issues, skills and practices related to the online presentation of news and information in a convergent media environment.
The aim of this course is to help you develop skills in writing and reporting about entertainment and the arts, from covering business and government news related to the arts, to telling the stories of people leaving a mark in the art world, to reviewing and critiquing works.
You will report stories, write reviews and maintain a blog in the discipline of your choice. Emphasis on reporting, writing and analysis about institutions, issues and actions of local government, and their effects on society. Advanced Electronic Media Production. The integration of the producer's role and the structure of program design as they relate to day-to-day production operations.
A study of the major types and styles of travel news and features stories for newspapers, magazines, newsletters, and websites. In-depth Journalism and Media Convergence. A capstone experience that requires students to use effectively their full range of journalistic knowledge, newsgathering, and writing skills to prepare news and information for different media platforms. This course examines the relationship between sports and the media, including stakeholders and the financial component of sports and media, sports production and content, and sports media audience.
The course provides an understanding of the social and economic relationships between sports and media and the effects those relationships have on sports consumers. This course covers the computations, interpretations, and applications of metrics used to measure media audiences across electronic, print, and online platforms. Seminar in News Ethics and Problems. Ethical, practical, and professional problems of news communicators in society. This course introduces students to the procedures used for extracting, processing, and analyzing datasets on web and social media sites.
Internship in Journalism and Media Management. Prescribed study and supervised work with professionals in Journalism and Media Management. Components: THI. Projects and Directed Research. Individual study. No more than three credits may be counted toward a Communication major or minor. Components: IND. Latin American Media Systems. This course deals with issues in international news gathering and distribution, giving special attention to Latin America and the Caribbean.
The class takes a comparative approach, looking at media systems in the United States and other nations.
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